Useful applications of the internet

A blog is a website maintained by an individual and it is also known as an online dairy. A blog is a web page that serves as a publicly accessible journal for an individual. The blog contains texts, images, and links to other blogs as well. Blogs can be personal or corporate. In personal blog, the individual writes about his day-to-day activities and comments on various issues and shares his thoughts and feelings with others. It is an interactive forum and the readers can leave a comment after reading the blog. This is the most  mportant feature of a blog. Though blogs are primarily textual, photographs, sketches, audio and video can also be included in blog. Blogs can also be used for business purpose. It can be used by an organization for internal communication or externally for marketing, branding and public relations. Blogs are also known as weblogs.

CHAT

Real time communication between two users via a computer is known as chat. Once a chat has been initiated user can enter text by typing on the keyboard and the entered text will appear on the user's monitor. Audio conferencing capability via the internet is known as voice chat. It enables two or more users to use the computer as a telephone conferencing system. Voice signifies verbal chat as chatting in internet always meant an interaction via keyboard where voice could not be heard. Chat room allows multiple users to chat over a particular issue. PCMAG.COM defines chat room as interactive online discussion on a topic. Chat rooms are set up to handle group discussion and everyone sees what everyone else types in. Chatting is not the official communication among the employees; rather it is treated as a medium to discuss work related issues as well as non-work related issues. Chatting helps to stay connected with friends who are spatially dispersed. Internet is perhaps the cheapest and the fastest medium of keeping in touch with school and college friends. Voice chatting is preferred as it is not expensive and it also gives a feeling of face-to-face communication. Writing letters is almost an obsolete practice now, phone numbers change frequently, hence chatting is preferred as it is a two-way communication and it is also instant communication.

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Understanding Internet: Online innovation of Global Village

Introduction

'Today more than a century of electric technology, we have extended our central nervous system itself in a global embrace, abolishing both time and space as far as our planet is concerned.' (McLuhan, 1964, p 3).McLuhan used the phrase 'global village' to highlight his observation that an electronic nervous system (the media) was rapidly integrating the planet -events in one part of the world could be experienced from other parts in real-time, which is what human experience was like when we lived in small villages. Hence, it also means with internet the world or the 'virtual world' is well within our reach, just by the click of the mouse. 

Today the phrase "global village" also encompasses internet technology and sociologists have studied the impact of this technology on society. Internet is a communication medium that allows the communication of many to many, in chosen time, on a global scale. It has ushered in a new world of communication, which Manuel Castells refers to as the 'Internet Galaxy.' Internet is becoming the essential communication and information medium in our society, and stands alongside electricity and the printing press as one of the greatest innovations of all time (Castells, 2003). 

Internet is unique because it integrates both different modalities of communication (reciprocal interaction, group discussion, individual reference searching) and different kinds of content (text, video, visual images, audio) in a single medium. This versatility, it is expected, will lead to social change perhaps more deeply than radio or television in times to come.

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Video Editing - an Overview

Introduction

Video Editing is a good lucrative career option with lots of fun but also entails a lot of hard work. To be a good editor, school and college is a great place to gain all the skills but remember degree is not the ultimate destination that matters, it's what you know and how much you know that does.

Editing is an important part of television and film production. A majority of the audience do not have any idea of post production. When they watch a movie they might  not  notice how each scene blends into the next scene. How sounds are perfectly matched with the scene. How a scene can be  made to appear dramatic by using proper music fitted into each scene of the movie.

When shooting a movie it's natural to make mistakes. A cameraman does not know the magic of taking a shot perfectly every time. Actors, the director and other crew members can't say that they never make mistakes. So it ends with the requirement of hours and hours of raw footage.

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Functions and Type of Advertising Agencies

Introduction

Advertising is a form of communication used to persuade an audience (viewers, readers or listeners) to take some action with respect to products, ideas, or services. Advertising messages are usually paid for by sponsors and viewed via various traditional media; including mass media such as newspapers, magazines, television commercials, radio advertisements, outdoor advertising or direct mails; or new media such as websites and text messages.

Today, advertising is considered as the promotional tool of marketing mix. The word advertising has its origin from a Latin word 'Advertise' which means 'turns on'. The dictionary meaning of the word is 'to announce publicly' or to give 'public notice'. John E Kennedy- Advertising is any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods or services by an identifiable sponsor.

Characteristics Of Advertising

To understand what makes advertising different from other forms of communication, the following are the distinguishing features:
Paid form: It is a tool of promotion which is paid for by the advertiser. There are standard tariff rates for the different types of media where the advertiser chooses to place an advertisement. Money is paid per second in radio and TV or per column centimetre (cc) in print media by advertiser.

Non- personal presentation: Advertising is addressed to mass audience. Unlike a salesman who communicates personally, an advertiser communicates non-personally. It is neither delivered by any person nor is it addressed to any specific person. There is a facilitating agency, through which advertisements reach a large number of target audience .

Promotion: The aim of advertising is to persuade people to buy products and services or to accept ideas which are being advertised. The task of promoting these products and services is done through communicating to the target audience by using the right media vehicle.

Identifiable sponsor: The sponsor is the person or group which is paying for the advertisement. In case of an advertisement, it can be easily identified as to what is the source of advertising message.

Creative: An advertisement should be creative. Without it, the reader or viewer may not notice the message. Advertisements should be used to present the ideas in an imaginative and dramatic way, showing how a product or service fulfills a consumer's needs.

Investment: Some people believe that advertising is a wasteful expenditure having a short term effect. However, it is proven that the advertisements are an investment towards the building of goodwill and brand image in the market. It should be sustained over a period of time or else the message will be forgotten.
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Theatre in Education and Beyond

Introduction 
Teaching and learning is a process which requires free flow of communication between the teacher and the students. The important question to be asked when considering the use of a particular teaching technique is why one wants it? Or do not want to use that particular technique. The key issue is how it fits into the whole learning process.

Conventional method of teaching and learning such as lectures, reading, discussions and writing can be used successfully to help students to acquire knowledge of factual material and to impart them essential theoretical frame work, but it has its own limitations to change the students attitude or behavior. To read or hear about something is altogether different from experiencing it. The problems of unprivileged class can be discussed in the intellectual conferences, but the felling of being unprivileged cannot be obtained in the air-condition conference hall.  

Theatre is one form of teaching techniques which help to students to cope up with handling human situation and its uncertainty. The technique of theatre can be applied in different ways; one of its applications can be in ‘Case Method of Teaching’

‘Case Method’ of Teaching 
Case Method of teaching is an active learning method, which requires participation and involvement of the students. The entire approach of learning is different. The participants are supposed to learn from the given situation, constraints and problems. The trainer or teacher acts as facilitator, helping the participants to analyze the situation. A case is usually a description of an actual situation, involving a decision, a challenge, an opportunity, a problem or an issue faced by a person of a group of persons. In learning with the case method, the participant must deal with situation described in the case, in a role of manger or decision maker facing the situation. Case can have multiple solutions; each solution has its own logical argument.

In the lecture method, learners receive the knowledge from an expert. In case method of learners should make the knowledge with the help of an expert. Cases have multiple meanings and thus always controversial, in a class of one hundred students every student comes with different view.

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Introduction to Photography - Lighting, Composition, Camera Formats

Principles of Lighting

Three Point Lighting
The Three Point Lighting Technique is a standard method used in visual media such as video, film, still photography and computer-generated imagery. It is a simple but versatile system which forms the basis of most lighting.

Key Light
This is the principal light source. It is usually the strongest and has the most influence on the look of the scene. It is placed to one side of the camera/subject so that this side is well lit and the other side has some shadow. 

Fill Light
This is the secondary light and is placed on the opposite side of the key light. It is used to fill the shadows created by the key. The fill will usually be softer and less bright than the key. To achieve this, you could move the light further away or use some spun. You might also want to set the fill light to more of a flood than the key.

Back Light
The back light is placed behind the subject and lights it from the rear. Rather than providing direct lighting (like the key and fill), its purpose is to provide definition and subtle highlights around the subject's outlines. This helps separate the subject from the background and provide a three-dimensional look.

Background Light
The background light is used to illuminate the background area of a set .The background light will also provide separation between the subject and the background. 

Inverse Square Law
The intensity of light observed from a source of constant intrinsic luminosity falls off as the square of the distance from the object. This is known as the inverse square law for light intensity.
Colour Temperature
Colour temperature is a characteristic of visible light that has important applications in lighting, photography, videography, publishing, manufacturing, astrophysics, and other fields. The colour temperature of a light source is the temperature of an ideal black-body radiator that radiates light of comparable hue to that of the light source. Colour temperature is conventionally stated in the unit of absolute temperature, the Kelvin, having the unit symbol K. Colour temperatures over 5,000K are called cool colors (bluish white), while lower colour temperatures (2,700–3,000 K) are called warm colors (yellowish white through red).

Principles of Composition:

Less is better
Let simplicity be the first factor in your mind when photographing any subject.  Make sure that what you are photographing has a "subject of interest" that is clearly conveyed to the viewer.  Do not try to fit in every bit of information nearby.
A few good ways to simplify your pictures are: 

1. Get close to your subject and fill the frame with it.
2. Avoid backgrounds that are confusing or complicated, as they can detract from your subject.
3. Do not have more than one or two points of interest, because the subjects will begin to "compete" for your viewer's attention

Rule of Third
The rule of thirds is another way to compose your picture.  The rule of thirds simply states that one should think of their picture in segments of 3's...and place their subject matter accordingly, therefore avoiding a perfectly centered, and most boring composition. inverse-square-law.jpg
The horizon dividing the frame in 1:2 ratio .

Avoid Merger
The merger of this tree with the person’s head is so obvious; you probably think no one could avoid seeing it before snapping the shutter. Remember: we see things in three dimensions, so it's easier than you might guess to focus our eyes on the principal subject only and not see that background at all. Avoiding mergers is one of the important guideline for better composition.

Balancing a frame
Balance is also important. Balance means things like highlights and shadows, contrast and brightness, color, texture, and geometry of your  image.

Symmetrical balance is the type of balance where one side is very similar or exactly the same as the other. Taking a picture of a person standing in the middle would be symmetrical because if the person were cut in half both sides would be the same. This is also true of taking pictures of many other things that aren't exactly equal. Symmetrical balance conveys a sense that is stable or static.

Asymmetrical balance is the type of balance where the picture, although not symmetrical, is balanced. This can be achieved through balancing of objects in the foreground, middle ground, and background. In other words, placing the main subject off-center and balancing the "weight" with other objects (smaller or lower impact) will be more effective than placing the subject in the center.

Shape The way subjects connect to each other in a photo forms shapes that draw the eye from subject to subject. If the photo composition lacks shape, then the photo becomes too busy and awkward to appreciate. Some shapes are more effective than others in providing an interesting frame for the photo.

Here's what we're looking for. The flamingo has relaxed, and his neck now forms a pleasing S curve against a better background. So, the S curve is an attractive shape to look for when you compose a photograph.


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Introduction to Photography

Introduction 

“Photography”, or “Light Drawing”, is essentially a combination of technique and visual observation. Traditional silver halide photography has been replaced by digital photography in almost all the areas of photographic profession. The digital photography industry has seen unprecedented growth in the last few years. This has been primarily due to the availability of high quality electronic imaging devices and fast and affordable computing power and digital storage. 

Developing the ability to make successful photographs must include some basic technical theories and compositional tricks. Learning photography is like learning to write: first you have to shape the letters forming words, then spell, then string together sentences and paragraphs. But individuals who can do all this is no writer until he or she has ideas to express through words. In the same way technical theory to photographer is a means to a visual end, something which allows better control and self-confidence in achieving what you want to say (Langford, 2000).

Principles of Photography: Technical Routines and Creative Choices
First, there are set routines where consistency is all important for example focusing, exposure, processing and final printing.

• Focusing is the process of placing the film- plane or sensor (CCD/CMOS) -on the focal point.
• Exposure is the exact amount of light that should hit the film or sensor to expose it correctly.
• Processing and Printing is a responsible job and essentially a consistent, controlled routine as this gives you the final output.

Second, there are those stages at which creative decisions must be made. These include composition of your subject, lighting and camera handling, as well as editing before final output.

• Composition defines what should be the content of a frame that we see. It also defines what is implied beyond what we see.
• Lighting is a creative way of illuminating the subject to express the texture, form, depth, detail and mood.
• Editing encompasses the processes of altering images as per the requirement before final print out, whether they be digital photographs, traditional analog photographs, or illustrations.

Equipment and functions

Lenses:
The most vital optical element of a camera is lens. The main object of photographic lens design and manufacture is to produce lenses which minimize optical defects (known as aberrations) while increasing resolution and image brightness.

Focal Length:
The focal length of a lens is the distance from its centre to the focal point (where the film is).

Type of Lenses

Normal: a normal lens is a lens that reproduces perspective that generally looks "natural" to a human observer under normal viewing conditions, as compared with lenses with longer or shorter focal lengths than 50 mm.

Wide angle: A wide angle lens is a lens whose angle of view is wider than normal lens that is around 50 mm.

Telephoto: A telephoto lens is a lens whose angle of view is narrower than the normal lens.

Lens Focal Length*	Terminology	Typical Photography
Less than 21 mm	Extreme Wide Angle	Architecture
21-45 mm	Wide Angle	Landscape
45-55 mm	Normal	Street & Documentary
55-135 mm	Medium Telephoto	Portraiture
135-300+ mm	Telephoto	Sports, Bird & Wildlife

Zoom lenses: A lens with variable focal length altered by shifting glass element. It is built into most modern compact cameras which do not allow interchangeable lenses. Good quality zoom lens is optically complex.

Macro lenses: A lens specifically designed for close work and with a long barrel for close focusing, called a macro lens. Some manufacturers call it a micro, which might actually be scientifically more accurate, but can be confusing, since it goes against the established convention. A macro lens might be optimized to provide its best performance at a magnification of 1:1.

Fish Eye Lens: Fisheye lens is a wide-angle lens that takes in an extremely wide, hemispherical image. Originally developed for use in meteorology to study cloud formation and called "whole-sky lenses", fisheye lenses quickly became popular in general photography for their unique, distorted appearance. The picture angle produced by these lenses only measures 180 degrees when measured from corner to corner: these have a 180° diagonal angle of view, while the horizontal and vertical angles of view will be smaller around 147o and 94o respectively . 


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