Theatre in Education and Beyond

Introduction 
Teaching and learning is a process which requires free flow of communication between the teacher and the students. The important question to be asked when considering the use of a particular teaching technique is why one wants it? Or do not want to use that particular technique. The key issue is how it fits into the whole learning process.

Conventional method of teaching and learning such as lectures, reading, discussions and writing can be used successfully to help students to acquire knowledge of factual material and to impart them essential theoretical frame work, but it has its own limitations to change the students attitude or behavior. To read or hear about something is altogether different from experiencing it. The problems of unprivileged class can be discussed in the intellectual conferences, but the felling of being unprivileged cannot be obtained in the air-condition conference hall.  

Theatre is one form of teaching techniques which help to students to cope up with handling human situation and its uncertainty. The technique of theatre can be applied in different ways; one of its applications can be in ‘Case Method of Teaching’

‘Case Method’ of Teaching 
Case Method of teaching is an active learning method, which requires participation and involvement of the students. The entire approach of learning is different. The participants are supposed to learn from the given situation, constraints and problems. The trainer or teacher acts as facilitator, helping the participants to analyze the situation. A case is usually a description of an actual situation, involving a decision, a challenge, an opportunity, a problem or an issue faced by a person of a group of persons. In learning with the case method, the participant must deal with situation described in the case, in a role of manger or decision maker facing the situation. Case can have multiple solutions; each solution has its own logical argument.

In the lecture method, learners receive the knowledge from an expert. In case method of learners should make the knowledge with the help of an expert. Cases have multiple meanings and thus always controversial, in a class of one hundred students every student comes with different view.

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Introduction to Photography - Lighting, Composition, Camera Formats

Principles of Lighting

Three Point Lighting
The Three Point Lighting Technique is a standard method used in visual media such as video, film, still photography and computer-generated imagery. It is a simple but versatile system which forms the basis of most lighting.

Key Light
This is the principal light source. It is usually the strongest and has the most influence on the look of the scene. It is placed to one side of the camera/subject so that this side is well lit and the other side has some shadow. 

Fill Light
This is the secondary light and is placed on the opposite side of the key light. It is used to fill the shadows created by the key. The fill will usually be softer and less bright than the key. To achieve this, you could move the light further away or use some spun. You might also want to set the fill light to more of a flood than the key.

Back Light
The back light is placed behind the subject and lights it from the rear. Rather than providing direct lighting (like the key and fill), its purpose is to provide definition and subtle highlights around the subject's outlines. This helps separate the subject from the background and provide a three-dimensional look.

Background Light
The background light is used to illuminate the background area of a set .The background light will also provide separation between the subject and the background. 

Inverse Square Law
The intensity of light observed from a source of constant intrinsic luminosity falls off as the square of the distance from the object. This is known as the inverse square law for light intensity.
Colour Temperature
Colour temperature is a characteristic of visible light that has important applications in lighting, photography, videography, publishing, manufacturing, astrophysics, and other fields. The colour temperature of a light source is the temperature of an ideal black-body radiator that radiates light of comparable hue to that of the light source. Colour temperature is conventionally stated in the unit of absolute temperature, the Kelvin, having the unit symbol K. Colour temperatures over 5,000K are called cool colors (bluish white), while lower colour temperatures (2,700–3,000 K) are called warm colors (yellowish white through red).

Principles of Composition:

Less is better
Let simplicity be the first factor in your mind when photographing any subject.  Make sure that what you are photographing has a "subject of interest" that is clearly conveyed to the viewer.  Do not try to fit in every bit of information nearby.
A few good ways to simplify your pictures are: 

1. Get close to your subject and fill the frame with it.
2. Avoid backgrounds that are confusing or complicated, as they can detract from your subject.
3. Do not have more than one or two points of interest, because the subjects will begin to "compete" for your viewer's attention

Rule of Third
The rule of thirds is another way to compose your picture.  The rule of thirds simply states that one should think of their picture in segments of 3's...and place their subject matter accordingly, therefore avoiding a perfectly centered, and most boring composition. inverse-square-law.jpg
The horizon dividing the frame in 1:2 ratio .

Avoid Merger
The merger of this tree with the person’s head is so obvious; you probably think no one could avoid seeing it before snapping the shutter. Remember: we see things in three dimensions, so it's easier than you might guess to focus our eyes on the principal subject only and not see that background at all. Avoiding mergers is one of the important guideline for better composition.

Balancing a frame
Balance is also important. Balance means things like highlights and shadows, contrast and brightness, color, texture, and geometry of your  image.

Symmetrical balance is the type of balance where one side is very similar or exactly the same as the other. Taking a picture of a person standing in the middle would be symmetrical because if the person were cut in half both sides would be the same. This is also true of taking pictures of many other things that aren't exactly equal. Symmetrical balance conveys a sense that is stable or static.

Asymmetrical balance is the type of balance where the picture, although not symmetrical, is balanced. This can be achieved through balancing of objects in the foreground, middle ground, and background. In other words, placing the main subject off-center and balancing the "weight" with other objects (smaller or lower impact) will be more effective than placing the subject in the center.

Shape The way subjects connect to each other in a photo forms shapes that draw the eye from subject to subject. If the photo composition lacks shape, then the photo becomes too busy and awkward to appreciate. Some shapes are more effective than others in providing an interesting frame for the photo.

Here's what we're looking for. The flamingo has relaxed, and his neck now forms a pleasing S curve against a better background. So, the S curve is an attractive shape to look for when you compose a photograph.


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Introduction to Photography

Introduction 

“Photography”, or “Light Drawing”, is essentially a combination of technique and visual observation. Traditional silver halide photography has been replaced by digital photography in almost all the areas of photographic profession. The digital photography industry has seen unprecedented growth in the last few years. This has been primarily due to the availability of high quality electronic imaging devices and fast and affordable computing power and digital storage. 

Developing the ability to make successful photographs must include some basic technical theories and compositional tricks. Learning photography is like learning to write: first you have to shape the letters forming words, then spell, then string together sentences and paragraphs. But individuals who can do all this is no writer until he or she has ideas to express through words. In the same way technical theory to photographer is a means to a visual end, something which allows better control and self-confidence in achieving what you want to say (Langford, 2000).

Principles of Photography: Technical Routines and Creative Choices
First, there are set routines where consistency is all important for example focusing, exposure, processing and final printing.

• Focusing is the process of placing the film- plane or sensor (CCD/CMOS) -on the focal point.
• Exposure is the exact amount of light that should hit the film or sensor to expose it correctly.
• Processing and Printing is a responsible job and essentially a consistent, controlled routine as this gives you the final output.

Second, there are those stages at which creative decisions must be made. These include composition of your subject, lighting and camera handling, as well as editing before final output.

• Composition defines what should be the content of a frame that we see. It also defines what is implied beyond what we see.
• Lighting is a creative way of illuminating the subject to express the texture, form, depth, detail and mood.
• Editing encompasses the processes of altering images as per the requirement before final print out, whether they be digital photographs, traditional analog photographs, or illustrations.

Equipment and functions

Lenses:
The most vital optical element of a camera is lens. The main object of photographic lens design and manufacture is to produce lenses which minimize optical defects (known as aberrations) while increasing resolution and image brightness.

Focal Length:
The focal length of a lens is the distance from its centre to the focal point (where the film is).

Type of Lenses

Normal: a normal lens is a lens that reproduces perspective that generally looks "natural" to a human observer under normal viewing conditions, as compared with lenses with longer or shorter focal lengths than 50 mm.

Wide angle: A wide angle lens is a lens whose angle of view is wider than normal lens that is around 50 mm.

Telephoto: A telephoto lens is a lens whose angle of view is narrower than the normal lens.

Lens Focal Length*	Terminology	Typical Photography
Less than 21 mm	Extreme Wide Angle	Architecture
21-45 mm	Wide Angle	Landscape
45-55 mm	Normal	Street & Documentary
55-135 mm	Medium Telephoto	Portraiture
135-300+ mm	Telephoto	Sports, Bird & Wildlife

Zoom lenses: A lens with variable focal length altered by shifting glass element. It is built into most modern compact cameras which do not allow interchangeable lenses. Good quality zoom lens is optically complex.

Macro lenses: A lens specifically designed for close work and with a long barrel for close focusing, called a macro lens. Some manufacturers call it a micro, which might actually be scientifically more accurate, but can be confusing, since it goes against the established convention. A macro lens might be optimized to provide its best performance at a magnification of 1:1.

Fish Eye Lens: Fisheye lens is a wide-angle lens that takes in an extremely wide, hemispherical image. Originally developed for use in meteorology to study cloud formation and called "whole-sky lenses", fisheye lenses quickly became popular in general photography for their unique, distorted appearance. The picture angle produced by these lenses only measures 180 degrees when measured from corner to corner: these have a 180° diagonal angle of view, while the horizontal and vertical angles of view will be smaller around 147o and 94o respectively . 


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Everything You Need to Know About Digital Marketing - Part 4

What is social media?

The use of a website for connecting with people via the internet to share information, photos and messages. “A marketing person should always ask one key question when beginning to develop a social media strategy i.e. How much chaos can this organization handle?”

What is a social networking website?

• It allows users to
• Create their own profile page.
• Build network of contacts and interact with them
• Post videos, photos, news, etc.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Social Media

Advantages

Disadvantages

When using social media for marketing products, social media could be easily utilized to create cost effective strategies and campaigns that can create viral results. Social media has the power to drive traffic to your website, blog, articles, etc. Social media is able to bring people together, especially when promoting global products or cause-related campaigns and ideas since it allows people from the different geographical location to meet at a single point and express their views. Social media could be the spark you are looking for to attract attention to your site, product or service. It could also be used to further build loyalty and long-term relations with your audience. Social media marketing could always be a fun and creative method of doing business.

The wrong online brand strategy could put you at a viral social disadvantage and may even damage your reputation, i.e, when you make a mistake offline, a few will know but when you make a mistake in front of hundreds or thousands of you online audience, most of them will know! Using social media for marketing and advertising could be more time consuming than companies expect. In order to get social media’s full effect, you need to understand how it works, when and how to use it and which channels to focus on depending on your end goal of using social media. Social media can have a negative influence on worker productivity. Employees may waste valuable time using social media channels such as Facebook and Twitter. They can also use social media to attack the company’s reputation! When social media is used excessively or in the wrong way, it could have serious detrimental outcomes on both mental and even physical health of individuals.

Major Social Media Channels

• Facebook - 200+ million active users
• Twitter - mainly for consumers and corporations
• Youtube - customise your own channel, helps in brand awareness and reputation building.

“Twitter is a great place to tell the world what you are thinking before you have had a chance to even think about it” - Chris Pirillo (Blogger)
“If I tell my facebook friends about your Brand, its not because I like your brand, but rather because I like my friends” - Mike Arauz (Strategy Director, Undercurrent)

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EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT DIGITAL MARKETING - PART 3

Search Engine Optimization or SEO
It is wisely said that "If your business cant be found on the search engines, you basically don't exist."

What is SEO?

Marketing tactics to get high natural search rankings in search engines for keywords that are important to your business. It helps significantly to increase targeted traffic to your website.

Who are the Search Engine Players?

• Google: 88.8%
• Bing: 6.2%
• Yahoo: 3.4%
• Ask.com: 1.2%
• Others: 0.4%

Search Engine's Goals and Objectives

1. Accumulate large index (database) of web documents to search
2. Provide highly relevant results to users (even better than competitors)
3. Generate revenue via paid advertising and related business ventures that typically leverage large amount of traffic.

Anatomy of a Search Engine:

• Search Box on the Top
• Just below the search box and on the right side of the page, there is sponsored listings or PPC
• Below sponsored listings is organic results or SERPs. (search engine result pages)

How do Search Engines Work?

• Spider "crawls" the web to find new documents i.e. Web pages typically by following hyperlinks from websites already in the database.
• Then search engine indexes the content (text, HTML codes) in these documents by adding it to their huge databases and periodically updates this content.
• After this, search engine searches its own database when user enters in a search to find related documents.
• Finally search engine ranks resulting documents using an algorithm that assigns various weights to various ranking factors keeping the most relevant on the top.

Google Query Life Cycle

• Query comes
• It goes into Google web servers
• The google web servers then indexes their database servers
• Google then document these servers
• And finally it goes to the Google user.

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DGMC is supported by its parent body Rajasthani Sammelan which has been in the field of education for the past 60 years. The educational body supports and facilitates learning activity for approximately 14000 students from primary to post-graduation.

Today’s young media generation is highly equipped with technology that enables them to imagine, visualize and innovate. This is an important reason for the large amount of eminent independent production across various media portals. Youngsters, dedicated to hard work have managed to create wonders with their innovative way of communication.

EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT DIGITAL MARKETING - PART 2

Tools and Channels of Digital Marketing
Marketing has changed quite a bit since the Internet became a new channel to reach prospects and customers. While old school channels like television, radio, magazines, etc. are still important to marketing plans and strategies, inbound marketing is also extremely important. In the years that marketers have taken over the Internet, some vital lessons have been learned. There are different tactics, practices, results, and tons of curve balls in the game of Digital Marketing.

Along with these, there are some amazing marketing tools that can help make reaching your audience, creating online marketing campaigns, engaging with customers, and measuring results, a lot easier.

Here is a list of essential digital marketing tools that are sure to help in your overall marketing goals.Website

A well designed website is one of the most primary tool of digital marketing. Before creating a website, it is important for you to ask yourself these questions:

• Why you need a website?
• What will be your domain name? Who will be your hosting provider?
• What will be your logo look like?
• What kind of content you will cover in your website?

A website is important which can be a brand itself of your company and will add credibility of your organization. It is important for you to keep in mind these points:

There should be a logical roadmap i.e. Your vision should be clear for creating a website. Keep it simple, sober with minimum usage of flash.

Crucial Information

You should cover all important information about your business. Take any XYZ restaurant, for example —  "everyone wants music and in their giant 'about' page," the basic things like the menu, contact information and directions should be integral. 

Correct contact information

How many times do you visit a website and think 'how hard is to contact this company?' Have a number, email, address and a contact form easily accessible and visible,". It makes a difference because there's nothing more frustrating than being unable to get in touch with a needed business or service.

Clear navigation

A map is useless without a legend and a website is useless without clear navigation. Make sure you use easy-to-understand and logical names for the various pages of your site — contact, about, FAQ, etc. Being clever or cryptic will just be a turnoff for users. When developing your navigation strategy, you should consider a call to action. What is it that you want people to do on your site? Place an order? Email for a quote? Become a member? Come to your brick-and-mortar store? Call to speak with a customer service rep? Make your goals clear and obvious.

Security

If you're selling anything online, you need to put some effort into securing your site with an SSL certificate. The SSL will encrypt communications between you and your clients (i.e. a credit card number, Social Security number), which will allay their fears of providing such information, since there's so much identity theft on the web.

Social Media Integration

There are a lot of social platforms out there, and you should promote your presence on them on your website like Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, Pinterest, Google+, LinkedIn, Foursquare. Integrating these platforms into your website will help boost your SEO, improve your business' footprint on the social web and build your following across numerous social platforms.

A mobile ready platform

Smartphones and tablets are driving an increasing amount of web traffic, and the numbers are only going to grow as mobile devices become cheaper and more mainstream. Andy Chu, director of Bing for Mobile, says 70% of task completion happens within one hour on mobile sites, meaning that people are often browsing on the web with intent — they're looking to do something, buy something or go somewhere. If someone searches for a restaurant on his smartphone, he's likely to eat at that restaurant within the hour, says Chu. So your website better be readable on handheld devices.

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About Us

DGMC is supported by its parent body Rajasthani Sammelan which has been in the field of education for the past 60 years. The educational body supports and facilitates learning activity for approximately 14000 students from primary to post-graduation.

Today’s young media generation is highly equipped with technology that enables them to imagine, visualize and innovate. This is an important reason for the large amount of eminent independent production across various media portals. Youngsters, dedicated to hard work have managed to create wonders with their innovative way of communication.

EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT DIGITAL MARKETING - PART 1

Introduction to Digital Marketing
“A website must be supported with marketing and advertising if it is to become a true business channel” – Sam Saltis (Founder & CEO @ bwired)

What is the Marketing Process?

• Attraction
• Conversion
• Retention

What is Digital Marketing?

Digital Marketing is the advancement of your organization or brand using one or more of the various digital channels, such as email, cellular phones and social networks.

The Digital Landscape

• What are your goals?
• What do you want?
• What are your needs?
• What you can afford?
• Who are your consumers?

Students? Adults? Children? Corporates ? It can be anyone of these or maybe all of them.

Why has Digital Marketing become so popular?

The key drivers are:

• Relationship Building
It is one of the most powerful weapons for the long term retention. You can create long term values with effective relationship building. Maintaining regular communication with your clients is aided efficiently through digital channels. For example: Amazon emails suggesting products you may like if you simply subscribe on their website.

• Measurability
Digital Marketing offers substantial opportunities to measure everything, starting from ROI to engagement and behaviour. There are two classifications of measurements: Quantitative and qualitative. 

Quantitative measurements can be easily counted, measured or weighed. Qualitative measurements cannot be easily measured and are more sensory, behavioral, and even emotional. While quantitative items are easy to measure, the qualitative takes more effort and analysis. The key to success is to find a way to correlate the immeasurable with the measurable. 

In digital marketing, there are quantitative measurements (views, clicks, volume i.e. Number of likes and tweets, time) and qualitative (complaints, feedback from surveys). With the help of Google Analytics you can check various number of things for your website. Like how many people clicked your site, how many bounced back, how many visited your site again and so on.

• Cost
Heightened by downturn, usage of digital channels is highly cost effective. 

Let us understand this with an example:
Mr Ajay has been appointed for promoting a National Art Exhibition. So he identified around 4000 people within a 50 miles radius fitting into predefined criteria. He worked with designers to create invites. Then he got those invites printed for all the 4000 people. He hired a person who stuffed those invites in an envelope and also got it posted to those people. It involved transportation as well as other overhead costs. 

After this was done, he noticed that only 65 people responded to his invites out of 4000 and out of this 65, 10 people said they won’t be able to attend the exhibition. 

He asked himself a few questions
- Why so low response?
- How many actually received the invites or how many looked at the invite?
- How many wanted some more information?
- How many actually saw it and read and decided to come? 

He was not happy that after such a hard work and spending so much, only 55 people attended the exhibition. Had he been done the same inviting via Digital Marketing, considering email marketing as an option, he would have saved a lot and response would have been much better. How? Please check below.

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About Us

DGMC is supported by its parent body Rajasthani Sammelan which has been in the field of education for the past 60 years. The educational body supports and facilitates learning activity for approximately 14000 students from primary to post-graduation.

Today’s young media generation is highly equipped with technology that enables them to imagine, visualize and innovate. This is an important reason for the large amount of eminent independent production across various media portals. Youngsters, dedicated to hard work have managed to create wonders with their innovative way of communication.